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American national and religious organization

Attendees of the 1928 Moorish Science Temple Of America Convention in Chicago. Noble Drew Ali is in white in the front row center.

The Moorish Science Temple of America is an American national and religious system founded by Noble Drew Ali (born as Timothy Drew) in the early twentieth century. He based it on the premise that African Americans are descendants of the Moabites and thus are "Moorish" (sometimes besides spelled "Muurish" by adherents) by nationality, and Islamic past faith. Ali put together elements of major traditions to develop a bulletin of personal transformation through historical education, racial pride and spiritual uplift. His doctrine was also intended to provide African Americans with a sense of identity in the world and to promote borough involvement.

An organization with headquarters in Baltimore, Maryland, claiming to exist "the Merely Moorish Science Temple teaching the full National side of the Moorish Movement",[1] is the Moorish Science Temple, with registered business organisation names of the Divine and National Move of North America, Inc., and Moorish American National Republic.[ii] [three]

One primary tenet of the Moorish Science Temple is the belief that African Americans are of "Moorish" descent, specifically from the "Moroccan Empire". According to Ali, this surface area included other countries that today environs Kingdom of morocco. To bring together the movement, individuals had to proclaim their "Moorish nationality". They were given "nationality cards". In religious texts, adherents refer to themselves racially as "Asiatics", every bit the Heart East is also western asia.[four] Adherents of this motion are known as "Moorish-American Moslems" and are called "Moorish Scientists" in some circles.[five]

The Moorish Science Temple of America was incorporated nether the Illinois Religious Corporation Act 805 ILCS 110. Timothy Drew, known to its members equally Prophet Noble Drew Ali, founded the Moorish Science Temple of America in 1913 in Newark, New Jersey, a booming industrial city. Afterwards some difficulties, Ali moved to Chicago, establishing a heart in that location, equally well as temples in other major cities. The movement expanded rapidly during the belatedly 1920s. The quick expansion of the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple arose in large part from the search for identity and context among black Americans at the time of the Great Migration to northern and midwestern cities, every bit they were becoming an urbanized people.[6]

Competing factions developed among the congregations and leaders, especially after the death of the charismatic Ali. Three contained organizations adult from this ferment. The founding of the Nation of Islam past Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930 also created competition for members. In the 1930s membership was estimated at 30,000, with one third in Chicago. During the postwar years, the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple of America continued to increase in membership, albeit at a slower rate.

Biography of Drew [edit]

Timothy Drew was believed to accept been born on Jan 8, 1886, in North Carolina, United States.[7] Sources differ equally to his background and upbringing: one reports he was the son of two former slaves who was adopted by a tribe of Cherokee;[8] another describes Drew as the son of a Moroccan Muslim begetter and a Cherokee mother.[9] In 2014 an article in the online Journal of Race Ethnicity and Organized religion attempted to link Timothy Drew to one Thomas Drew, born Jan viii, 1886, using census records, a World War I draft card, and street directory records.[ten]

Founding of the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple [edit]

Drew Ali reported that during his travels, he met with a high priest of Egyptian magic. In one version of Drew Ali's biography, the leader saw him as a reincarnation of the founder. In others, he says that the priest considered him a reincarnation of Jesus, the Buddha, Muhammad and other religious prophets. According to the biography, the high priest trained Ali in mysticism and gave him a "lost section" of the Quran.[11]

This text came to exist known as the Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America. It is also known equally the "Circle 7 Koran" because of its cover, which features a reddish "vii" surrounded past a blue circumvolve. The first 19 chapters are from The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ, published in 1908 past esoteric Ohio preacher Levi Dowling. In The Aquarian Gospel, Dowling described Jesus' supposed travels in Republic of india, Egypt, and Palestine during the years of his life which are non accounted for by the New Attestation.[12]

Chapters 20 through 45 are borrowed from the Rosicrucian work, Unto Thee I Grant with modest changes in mode and wording. They are instructions on how to alive, and the education and duties of adherents.[13]

Drew Ali wrote the last 4 chapters of the Circle Seven Koran himself. In these he wrote:

The fallen sons and daughters of the Asiatic Nation of North America demand to learn to love instead of hate; and to know of their higher cocky and lower self. This is the uniting of the Holy Koran of Mecca for teaching and instructing all Moorish Americans, etc. The fundamental of civilization was and is in the hands of the Asiatic nations. The Moorish, who were the ancient Moabites, and the founders of the Holy Metropolis of Mecca.[14]

Drew Ali and his followers used this textile to merits, "Jesus and his followers were Asiatic." ("Asiatic" was the term Drew Ali used for all dark or olive-colored people; he labeled all whites equally European. He suggested that all Asiatics should be allied.)[15]

Drew Ali crafted Moorish Science from a diversity of sources, a "network of culling spiritualities that focused on the power of the individual to bring about personal transformation through mystical knowledge of the divine within".[xv] In the inter-war years in Chicago and other major cities, he used these concepts to preach racial pride and uplift. His approach appealed to thousands of African Americans who had left severely oppressive atmospheric condition in the South through the Groovy Migration and faced struggles in new urban environments.[15]

Practices and beliefs [edit]

Ali believed that African Americans are all Moors, who he claimed were descended from the ancient Moabites (the kingdom of which he says is now known as Morocco, as opposed to the ancient Canaanite kingdom of Moab, as the proper name suggests).[sixteen] This claim does not marshal with scientific studies of human being history, such as the genetics of African-Americans and genetic history of sub-Saharan Africa. He claimed that Islam and its teachings are more beneficial to their earthly salvation, and that their "truthful nature" had been "withheld" from them. In the traditions he founded, male person members of the Temple wear a fez or turban equally head covering; women article of clothing a turban.[17]

They added the suffixes Bey or El to their surnames, to signify Moorish heritage as well as their taking on the new life as Moorish Americans. Information technology was likewise a way to claim and proclaim a new identity over that lost to the enslavement of their ancestors. These suffixes were a sign to others that while one's African tribal name may never be known to them, European names given by their enslavers were not theirs, either.[ commendation needed ]

As Drew Ali began his version of teaching the Moorish-Americans to become ameliorate citizens, he made speeches like, "A Divine Warning Past the Prophet for the Nations", in which he urged them to reject derogatory labels, such equally "Black", "colored", and "Negro". He urged Americans of all races to reject detest and embrace dear. He believed that Chicago would become a 2d Mecca.[ citation needed ]

The ushers of the Temple wore black fezzes. The leader of a detail temple was known as a Grand Sheik, or Governor. Noble Drew Ali had several wives.[xviii] According to The Chicago Defender, he claimed the power to marry and divorce at will.[xix]

History [edit]

Early on history [edit]

In 1913, Drew Ali formed the Canaanite Temple in Newark, New Jersey.[twenty] He left the city afterward agitating people with his views on race.[21] Drew Ali and his followers migrated, while planting congregations in Philadelphia; Washington, D.C., and Detroit. Finally, Drew Ali settled in Chicago in 1925, saying the Midwest was "closer to Islam".[22] The following year he officially registered Temple No. nine.

There he instructed followers non to be confrontational but to build upward their people to be respected. In this way, they might accept their place in the U.s. by developing a cultural identity that was congruent with Drew Ali'due south behavior on personhood.[23] In the late 1920s, journalists estimated the Moorish Science Temple had 35,000 members in 17 temples in cities across the Midwest and upper Southward.[24] It was reportedly studied and watched past the Chicago police.

Building Moorish-American businesses was role of their program, and in that was like to Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Clan and African Communities League and the afterwards Nation of Islam.[25] By 1928, members of the Moorish Science Temple of America had obtained some respectability within Chicago and Illinois, every bit they were featured prominently and favorably in the pages of The Chicago Defender, an African-American paper, and conspicuously collaborated with African American politician and businessman Daniel Jackson.[26]

Drew Ali attended the Jan 1929 inauguration of Louis L. Emmerson, as 27th Governor of Illinois in the state capital letter of Springfield. The Chicago Defender stated that his trip included "interviews with many distinguished citizens from Chicago, who greeted him on every hand."[27] With the growth in its population and membership, Chicago was established as the center of the move.

Internal split and murder [edit]

In early 1929, following a disharmonize over funds, Claude Green-Bey, the business concern manager of Chicago Temple No. 1 split up from the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple of America. He alleged himself Grand Sheik and took a number of members with him. On March xv, Green-Bey was stabbed to death at the Unity Hall of the Moorish Science Temple, on Indiana Avenue in Chicago.[28]

Drew Ali was out of town at the fourth dimension, as he was dealing with former Supreme Grand Governor Lomax Bey (professor Ezaldine Muhammad), who had supported Light-green-Bey'southward attempted coup.[29] When Drew Ali returned to Chicago, the police arrested him and other members of the community on suspicion of having instigated the killing. No indictment was sworn for Drew Ali at that time.

The decease of Drew Ali [edit]

Shortly after his release by the police, Drew Ali died at age 43 at his home in Chicago on July 20, 1929.[xxx] Although the exact circumstances of his death are unknown, the Certificate of Expiry stated that Noble Drew Ali died from "tuberculosis broncho-pneumonia".[31] Despite the official report, many of his followers speculated that his decease was caused by injuries from the constabulary or from other members of the faith.[32] Others thought information technology was due to pneumonia. Ane Moor told The Chicago Defender, "The Prophet was non ill; his work was done and he laid his head upon the lap of one of his followers and passed out."[33] [34]

Succession and schism [edit]

The death of Drew Ali brought out a number of candidates to succeed him. Brother Edward Mealy El stated that he had been declared Drew Ali's successor past Drew Ali himself. In Baronial, within a month of Drew Ali'due south death, John Givens El, Drew Ali's chauffeur, declared that he was Drew Ali reincarnated. He is said to have fainted while working on Drew Ali's automobile and "the sign of the star and crescent [appeared] in his eyes".[35]

At the September Unity Conference, Givens again fabricated his claim of reincarnation. Yet, the governors of the Moorish Science Temple of America declared Charles Kirkman Bey to exist the successor to Drew Ali and named him Grand Advisor.[36]

With the support of several temples each, Mealy El and Givens El both went on to lead separate factions of the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple. All three factions (Kirkman Bey, Mealy El, and Givens El) are active today.

On September 25, 1929, Kirkman Bey'south married woman reported to the Chicago police his apparent kidnapping by one Ira Johnson. Accompanied by two Moorish Scientific discipline members, the police visited the dwelling of Johnson, when they were met by gunfire. The assail escalated into a shoot-out that spilled into the surrounding neighborhood. In the end, a policeman equally well every bit a member were killed in the gun boxing, and a second policeman later died of his wounds.[37] The police took 60 people into police custody, and a reported grand law officers patrolled the Chicago Due south Side that evening.[38] Johnson and 2 others were later convicted of murder.[39]

Kirkman Bey went on to serve every bit Grand Counselor of one of the most important factions until 1959, when the reins were given to F. Nelson-Bey.[40]

Nation of Islam [edit]

The community was further carve up when Wallace Fard Muhammad, known within the temple equally David Ford-el,[41] also claimed (or was taken by some) to exist the reincarnation of Drew Ali.[42] When his leadership was rejected, Ford El broke away from the Moorish Science Temple. He moved to Detroit, where he formed his own group, an organisation that would become the Nation of Islam.[43] The Nation of Islam denied any historical connexion with the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple until February 26, 2014, when Louis Farrakhan best-selling the contribution(s) of Noble Drew Ali to the Nation of Islam and their founding principles.[44]

The 1930s [edit]

Despite the turmoil and defections, the movement connected to abound in the 1930s. It is estimated that membership in the 1930s reached 30,000. There were major congregations in Philadelphia, Detroit, and Chicago.[45]

One-tertiary of the members, or x,000, lived in Chicago, the middle of the motion. There were congregations in numerous other cities where African Americans had migrated in the early 20th century. The group published several magazines: 1 was the Moorish Guide National. During the 1930s and 1940s, continued surveillance by police (and later the FBI) caused the Moors to become more than withdrawn and disquisitional of the authorities.[46]

FBI surveillance [edit]

During the 1940s, the Moorish Science Temple (specifically the Kirkman Bey faction) came to the attending of the FBI, who investigated claims of members committing destructive activities past adhering to and spreading of Japanese propaganda. The investigation failed to find any substantial prove, and the investigations were dropped. The federal bureau later investigated the organization in 1953 for violation of the Selective Service Act of 1948 and sedition. In September 1953, the Section of Justice determined that prosecution was not warranted for the declared violations. The file that the FBI created on the temple grew to 3,117 pages during its lifetime.[47] They never found whatever evidence of whatever connection or much sympathy of the temple'due south members for Japan.

El Rukn connection [edit]

In 1976 Jeff Fort, leader of Chicago's Black P Stone Nation, announced at his parole from prison house in 1976 that he had converted to Islam. Moving to Milwaukee, Fort associated himself with the Moorish Science Temple of America. It is unclear whether he officially joined or was instead rejected by its members.[48]

In 1978, Fort returned to Chicago and inverse the proper noun of his gang to El Rukn ("the foundation" in Standard arabic), likewise known as "Circumvolve Seven El Rukn Moorish Science Temple of America"[49] and the "Moorish Science Temple, El Rukn tribe".[50] Scholars are divided over the nature of the relationship, if any, between El Rukn and the Moorish Science Temple of America.[51] Fort reportedly hoped that an apparent affiliation with a religious organization would discourage police enforcement.[52]

1980–2000s [edit]

Temple No 9, in Chicago, Illinois

In 1984 the Chicago congregation bought a building from Buddhist monks in Ukrainian Village, which continues to be used for Temple No. 9. Demographic and cultural changes have decreased the allure of immature people to the Moorish Science Temple. Only about 200 members attended a convention in 2007, rather than the thousands of the past. In the early 2000s, the temples in Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Washington, D.C., had almost 200 members each, and many were older people.[53]

21st century [edit]

On July 15, 2019, Philadelphia mayor Jim Kenney, as part of a diversity programme, proclaimed July 15 to exist "Morocco Twenty-four hour period". The city mistakenly invited members of the local Moorish Science temple to the ceremony, assertive them to be of actual Moroccan descent.[54]

Moorish sovereign citizens [edit]

During the 1990s, some former followers of the Moorish Science Temple of America and the Washitaw Nation formed an offshoot of the sovereign citizen motility which came to be known as Moorish sovereign citizens. Members believe the United states federal government to be illegitimate, which they attribute to a variety of factors including Reconstruction following the U.South. Ceremonious War and the abandonment of the gold standard in the 1930s.[55] The number of Moorish sovereign citizens is uncertain, merely possibly ranges betwixt 3,000 and 6,000 organized by and large in small groups of several dozen.[56]

In improver to the Moorish Science Temple doctrine that Black Americans are of Moorish descent, Moorish sovereign citizens claim immunity from U.S. federal, country, and local laws, because of a mistaken belief that the Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship (1786) grants them sovereignty.[55] [57] In reality, the 1786 treaty was a primarily a trade agreement.

Some also believe that Black Americans are indigenous to the U.s.[58] The Moorish sovereign denizen movement has also expanded to include a few whites.[59]

The Southern Poverty Law Center classifies Moorish sovereign citizens as an extremist anti-government group,[56] [60] and it is part of the Moorish sovereign-citizen movement according to The Washington Post.[61] Tactics used by the group include filing fake deeds and belongings claims,[62] false liens against government officials, frivolous legal motions to overwhelm courts, and invented legalese used in court appearances and filings.[55] Various groups and individuals identifying as Moorish sovereign citizens have used the unorthodox "quantum grammar" created by David Wynn Miller.[63] The Moorish Science Temple has disavowed any amalgamation with those responsible, calling them "radical and subversive fringe groups".[64]

Legal incidents [edit]

Some "Moorish" activists accept expert hostile possession of properties, citing "reparations" as a justification for their deportment, even though their victims included other Black Americans.[65] In June 2021, Hubert A. John, a self-identified denizen of the Al Moroccan Empire, was arrested and charged on with counts of criminal mischief, break-in, criminal trespass and terroristic threats after he occupied a house in Newark, New Jersey, challenge that information technology fell into the jurisdiction of the Al Moroccan Empire.[66] [67]

In 2005, musician Roy "Time to come Man" Wooten pleaded guilty to income tax evasion, after having been indicted on charges in 2001 that he had not filed or paid taxes betwixt 1995 and 1998.[68] He was affiliated with the Washitaw Nation, and before his guilty plea had been judged possibly incapable of assisting in his ain defence force after filing incomprehensible sovereign citizen paperwork with the courtroom.[69]

In 2016, Washitaw Nation chapter Gavin Eugene Long ambushed six law officers and killed iii of them in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Constabulary killed Long in the resulting confrontation.[56]

In July 2021, eleven men identifying themselves as a grouping called Rise of the Moors were arrested on Interstate 95 in Wakefield, Massachusetts, later on a state trooper responding to disabled vehicles allegedly found the grouping carrying long guns, side-arms and wearing tactical trunk armor. Police said the group claimed to be traveling from Rhode Island to Maine for "preparation" on their privately owned land.[70] [71] [72] An Instagram account belonging to the grouping says its goal is to go along the work of Noble Drew Ali.[73]

A Rise of the Moors member had earlier been arrested in Danvers, Massachusetts, in 2019 on an outstanding warrant. He alleged his abort was unlawful and filed a federal lawsuit confronting the constabulary, which was dismissed after he tried to pay the court fees with a silver coin, saying U.Southward. currency was unconstitutional considering it was "not backed by anything of value".[74]

See also [edit]

  • Black Hebrew Israelites
  • Five-Per centum Nation
  • Hoteps
  • Moorish Orthodox Church of America, a splinter group

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ "About". Moorish Science Temple . Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  2. ^ "Moorish Science Temple, The Divine and National Movement of North America, Incorporated, Due north". Dun & Bradstreet . Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  3. ^ "Home page". Moorish Science Temple . Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  4. ^ The Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America, Chapter XXV – "A Holy Covenant of the Asiatic Nation"
  5. ^ "Noble Drew Ali". newafricacenter.com. 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
  6. ^ Turner, pg. 93.
  7. ^ Wilson, p. xv; Gomez, p. 203; Paghdiwala; Gale Grouping.
  8. ^ Wilson, p, 15.
  9. ^ Gomez and Paghdiwala give both versions.
  10. ^ F. Abdat, "Before the Fez-Life and Times of Drew Ali", Journal of Race Ethnicity and Faith, Vol v, No viii, August 2014 [1]
  11. ^ Brown, Ann (May 7, 2019). "10 Things To Know About Noble Drew Ali". moguldom.com . Retrieved December two, 2019.
  12. ^ Dowling, Levi (1907). The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ. ISBN9781602062245.
  13. ^ Ghaneabassiri, Kambiz (2010). A History of Islam in America: From the New Earth to the New Globe Society. Cambridge University Press. p. 220. ISBN978-0521614870.
  14. ^ Curtis, Edward E. (2010). Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History. Infobase Publishing. p. 46. ISBN9781438130408.
  15. ^ a b c Nance, Susan (Summer 2002). "Mystery of the Moorish Science Temple: Southern Blacks and American Alternative Spirituality in 1920s Chicago". Archived April xv, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Organized religion and American Culture 12, no. two: 123–166. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.123. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
  16. ^ Yusuf Nuruddin (2000). "African-American Muslims and the Question of Identity: Betwixt Traditional Islam, African Heritage, and the American Way". In Hadda, Yvonne Yazbeck; Esposito, John L. (eds.). Muslims on the Americanization Path?. Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN9780198030928. Hence it is in the Moorish Science Temple that we encounter fables about the "ancient Moabite kingdom at present known as Morocco, which existed in northwest Amexem. which is now known every bit northwest Africa."
  17. ^ Koura, Chloe (May 27, 2017). "The American Faith That Makes Its Members 'Moroccans'". Morocco World News . Retrieved December v, 2019.
  18. ^ Chicago Tribune (1929) and Chicago Defender (1929).
  19. ^ Chicago Defender (1929).
  20. ^ Paghdiwala, p. 23.
  21. ^ Paghdiwala
  22. ^ Wilson, p. 29.
  23. ^ Gomez, Michael A. (2005) Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas, Cambridge University Press, p. 219. Retrieved August 29, 2009
  24. ^ Chicago Tribune, May 14, 1929.
  25. ^ Gomez, Michael A. (2005) Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas, Cambridge University Printing, p. 260. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
  26. ^ Nance (2002), p. 635–637
  27. ^ Chicago Defender, January 1929.
  28. ^ Chicago Tribune
  29. ^ Gale.
  30. ^ Chicago Defender, July 27, 1929.
  31. ^ Perkins, p. 186, also as other less reputable sources. Perkins cites "Standard Certificate of Death No. 22054, Timothy Drew, issued July 25, 1929, Office of Cook Canton Clerk, Cook County, Illinois". The certificate was filed past Dr. Clarence Payne-El, who was reportedly at Drew Ali's bedside when he died. See also Scopino.
  32. ^ McCloud, p. 18; Wilson, p. 35. The Chicago Defender, whose news articles had turned critical, said that "it is believed that the ordeal of the trial together with the treatment he received at the hands of police in an effort to obtain true statements are directly responsible for the disease which precipitated his death" (July 27, 1929).
  33. ^ Quoted past Paghdiwala, p. 24. Also quoted by Nance (2002, p. 659, notation 84) with a reference to "Cult Leader Dies; Was in Murder Case", Chicago Defender, July 27, 1929.
  34. ^ "Concord Last Rites for Moorish Master", Chicago Defender, Baronial 3, 1929, folio 3.
  35. ^ Gomez, p. 273.
  36. ^ McCloud, p. 18. Gardell, p. 45.
  37. ^ "Patrolmen Jesse D. Hults and William Gallagher", Officer Downward Memorial Page
  38. ^ Chicago Tribune, September 1929. The Washington Post, September 1929.
  39. ^ Hartford Courant, April nineteen, 1930, p. twenty.
  40. ^ "Supreme Yard Counselor and Moderator C. Kirkman-Bey". moorishamericannationalrepublic.com. 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  41. ^ Prashad, p. 109.
  42. ^ Ahlstrom (p. 1067), Abu Shouk (p. 147), Hamm (p. 14), and Lippy (p. 214) all state that Fard claimed to be, or was considered by many Moors to be, the reincarnation of Drew Ali. According to Turner (p. 92), Ford El, also known as Abdul Wali Farad Muhammad Ali, unsuccessfully challenged Drew Ali in Newark in 1914.
  43. ^ Ahlstrom (p. 1067), Lippy (p. 214), Miyakawa (p. 12).
  44. ^ Farrakhan, Louis (February 26, 2014). "Saviours' Mean solar day 2014 Keynote Address: 'How Strong Is Our Foundation; Can We Survive?'". FinalCall.com . Retrieved March xvi, 2019.
  45. ^ Paghdiwala, p. 26.
  46. ^ Nance, p. 659.
  47. ^ "Moorish Scientific discipline Temple of America". FBI FOIA Archive. FBI. Archived from the original on March five, 2010. Retrieved May eleven, 2016. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  48. ^ Nash (p. 167) says Fort did join the Milwaukee temple. Hamm (p. 25) states otherwise: "Fort tried to join the Moorish Science Temple in Milwaukee just Temple elders refused to have him."
  49. ^ Chicago Tribune, "El Rukn street gang joins drive to annals voters", August 25, 1982, p. 17.
  50. ^ Shipp, The New York Times (1985).
  51. ^ Blakemore, et al. (p. 335) says that "The Moorish Scientific discipline Temple of America has e'er denied such a connexion."
    See also Nashashibi ("In 1982 the El Rukns dropped their affiliation with the Moorish Science Temple of America and moved closer toward a more orthodox understanding of Sunni Islam.")
    See also the 1988 court case, Johnson-Bey et al. v. Lane et al. ("The sinister El Rukn group is a breakaway faction from the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple of America ... obviously it no longer has any connection with the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple.").
  52. ^ Main, Chicago Lord's day-Times (2006).
  53. ^ Paghdiwala, Tasneem (Nov xv, 2007). "The Aging of the Moors". Chicago Reader. Vol. 37, no. 8. Retrieved October thirteen, 2009.
  54. ^ Owen-Jones, Juliette (August 13, 2019). "Moorish Science Temple of America Represents Kingdom of morocco at Flag-Raising Ceremony". Morocco Earth News. Archived from the original on August fourteen, 2019. Retrieved August fourteen, 2019.
  55. ^ a b c Ligon, Mellie (2021). "The Sovereign Citizen Movement: A Comparative Analysis with Similar Foreign Movements and Takeaways for the United States Judicial System" (PDF). Emory International Law Review. 35 (2): 297–332. ISSN 1052-2840.
  56. ^ a b c "Moorish Sovereign Citizens". Southern Poverty Police Center . Retrieved October 7, 2020.
  57. ^ "Treaty with Morocco". U.S. National Annal . Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  58. ^ Pitcavage, Mark (July 18, 2016). "The Washitaw Nation and Moorish Sovereign Citizens: What You Demand to Know". Anti-Defamation League.
  59. ^ Sovereign Citizen Move, Anti-Defamation league, retrieved Jan 23, 2022
  60. ^ Morrison, Heather (July 6, 2021). "'Rise of the Moors' classified every bit antigovernment group by Southern Poverty Constabulary Eye". MassLive.
  61. ^ Hauptman, Max (July iv, 2021). "What to know about Rise of the Moors, an armed group that says it's not subject area to U.Southward. law". The Washington Post.
  62. ^ Steinback, Robert (July 20, 2011). "Judge Ignores 'Martian law,' Tosses 'Sovereign Citizen' Into Slammer". Southern Poverty Law Center . Retrieved September 9, 2012.
  63. ^ Anti-Defamation league (2016), "The Sovereign Citizen Move Common Documentary Identifiers & Examples" (PDF), adl.org , retrieved Dec 23, 2021
  64. ^ "Bogus court filings bandage unwanted spotlight on piddling-known U.S. sect". The Nihon Times. Associated Press. August 22, 2011. p. viii.
  65. ^ "She Bought Her Dream Habitation. Then a 'Sovereign Citizen' Changed the Locks". The New York Times . Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  66. ^ "LA Homo Arrested for Allegedly Taking Possession of Woman's Vacant New Jersey Home". NBC New York . Retrieved October 13, 2021.
  67. ^ Niemietz, Brian. "Black nationalists declare 'legal residency' in Newark woman's dwelling, constabulary disagree". Daily News. New York. Retrieved October thirteen, 2021.
  68. ^ "Flecktone, one time function of 'Empire Washitaw De Dugdahmoundyah,' guilty of tax fraud - Nashville Postal service". Nashville Mail service . Retrieved January 11, 2018.
  69. ^ "Take a taxation protester position on your return: are you out of your mind?". Roth & Company, P.C. May 5, 2004. Archived from the original on February 28, 2005. Retrieved May 31, 2020. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  70. ^ Hilliard, John; Crimaldi, Laura; Milkovits, Amanda; Lyons, Jack (July 3, 2021). "Grouping of men involved in hours-long highway standoff expected to face 'a variety of charges'". The Boston Earth . Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  71. ^ Crimaldi, Laura; Milkovits, Amanda (July 3, 2021). "What is 'Ascension of the Moors,' the R.I. grouping that circulate live from the I-95 standoff?". The Boston World . Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  72. ^ "Photos, video: the Interstate 95 standoff". The Boston Globe. July iii, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  73. ^ "Massachusetts armed group arrested afterwards stand up-off with police". BBC News. July 3, 2021. Retrieved July three, 2021.
  74. ^ Alanez, Tonya (July eight, 2021). "Rise of the Moors member sued Danvers police, so sought to pay filing fees with a silver coin". The Boston Globe.

General references [edit]

  • Ali, Noble Prophet Drew (1928). Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America
  • Abdat, Fathie Ali (2014). "Earlier the Fez- Life and Times of Drew Ali 1886-1924", Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Religion, five: one-39.
  • Abu Shouk, Ahmed I. (1997). "A Sudanese Missionary to the United States", Sudanic Africa, 9:137–191.
  • Ahlstrom, Sydney Due east. (2004). A Religious History of the American People, 2d ed., Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-10012-four.
  • Blakemore, Jerome; Yolanda Mayo; Glenda Blakemore (2006). "African-American and Other Street Gangs: A Quest of Identity (Revisted)", Human Beliefs in the Social Environment from an African-American Perspective, Letha A. See, ed., The Haworth Press ISBN 978-0-7890-2831-0.
  • Chicago Defender (1929). "Drew Ali, 'Prophet' of Moorish Cult, Dies Suddenly", July 27, 1929, folio 1.
  • Chicago Tribune (May 1929). "Cult Head Took Too Much Ability, Witnesses Say", May 14, 1929.
  • Chicago Tribune (September 1929). "Seize 60 After And so. Side Cult Tragedy", September 26, 1929, p. 1.
  • Gale Grouping, "Timothy Drew", Religious Leaders of America, second ed., 1999, Biography Resources Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • Gardell, Mattias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad. Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0-8223-1845-three.
  • Henry Louis Gates Jr., Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (2004). African American Lives. OUP U.s.. p. xviii. ISBN978-0195160246 . Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  • Gomez, Michael A. (2005). Blackness Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-84095-iii.
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External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • FBI on the Moorish Science Temple of America

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America

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